For more than two decades, food chemists around the world have been engaged in an exciting new project with the potential for dramatically remaking the human diet. Za več kot dve desetletji, so kemiki hrane po vsem svetu ukvarjajo z razburljivo novem projektu z možnostjo dramatično predelava človeško prehrano. A number of new food products have been invented that are called genetically engineered, genetically modified, or, simply, GM foods. Število novih živil so izumili, da se imenujejo gensko, gensko spremenjeni ali, preprosto, hrana GM. Research on genetically modified foods belongs to a long, rich, and very productive line of research known as... Raziskave o gensko spremenjenih živilih pripada dolgo, bogato in zelo produktivno linijo raziskav znana kot ... One of the earliest applications of biotechnology was probably the use of microorganisms to make certain types of foods. Ena od prvih aplikacij na področju biotehnologije je verjetno uporaba mikroorganizmov, da nekatere vrste hrane. Evidence indicates that people first learned how to make beer, wine, and vinegar more than 6,000 years ago by promoting the fermentation of fruits, vegetables, and grains with yeasts. Dokazi kažejo, da ljudje najprej naučili, kako narediti pivo, vino, kis in več kot 6.000 leti s spodbujanjem fermentacijo sadja, zelenjave in zrna s kvasovkami. People have also leavened bread with yeasts and cultured cheese and yogurt with bacteria for many hundreds, if not... Ljudje imajo tudi kvašeno kruh z kvasovk in kultivirani sir in jogurt z bakterijami za več sto, če ne ... The research by Boyer and Cohen was made possible by discoveries made two decades earlier by the American biologist James Watson (1928 - ) and the English chemist Francis Crick (1916-2004). Raziskava, ki jih Boyer in Cohena so omogočili odkritja, ki dve desetletji prej ga je ameriški biolog James Watson (1928 -) in angleški kemik Francis Crick (1916-2004). In 1953, Watson and Crick announced that genetic information is stored in large, complex molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Leta 1953, Watson in Crick je napovedal, da se genski podatki shranjeni v velikih, kompleksnih molekul, znanih kot deoksiribonukleinske kisline ali DNA. They showed how the characteristic arrangement of certain chemical groups, known as base pairs,... Pokazali so, kako značilno ureditev nekaterih skupin kemikalij, znan kot baznih parov, ki ... Over the past three decades, researchers have developed a number of procedures that improve on the basic methodology of Boyer and Cohen. V zadnjih treh desetletjih, so raziskovalci razvili številne postopke, ki izboljšujejo na osnovni metodologiji Boyer in Cohen. One area in which progress has occurred involves methods for transferring DNA from a donor organism (or DNA prepared synthetically) to a host organism (a process known as gene insertion). Eno od področij, pri katerih je prišlo do napredka vključuje metode za prenos DNK iz organizma dajalca (ali DNK pripravljeno sintetično) v organizem gostitelja (proces, znan kot vstavljanje genov). Those methods can be divided into two general classes: those that use living organisms (called... Te metode lahko razdelimo na dve večji razrede: tiste, ki uporabljajo žive organizme (called. .. Recombinant DNA procedures like those described here now have a number of practical applications. Rekombinantne DNK postopki, kot so opisane tukaj zdaj veliko praktičnih aplikacijah. One of the most promising is the development of genetically modified (GM) foods and agricultural products, substances whose genetic composition has been altered by rDNA or some similar process. Eden od najbolj obetavnih je razvoj gensko spremenjenih (GS) živil in kmetijskih izdelkov, snovi, katerih genski sestava pa se je spremenilo z rDNA ali nekaj podobnega procesa. Some examples of genetically modified products are corn plants that have been altered to emit a poison when attacked by pests; tomato... Nekateri primeri gensko spremenjenih proizvodov so koruza rastline, ki so bila spremenjena za oddajanje strup, ko napadli škodljivci, paradižnik ... One of the most contentious issues in the debate over GM foods has focused on the development of "golden rice," a food product that has been engineered to provide increased levels of vitamin A to those who eat it. Ena od najbolj spornih vprašanj v razpravi GS hrani se je osredotočila na razvoj "zlati riž," živilo, ki je bil zgrajen zagotoviti večjo stopnjo vitamina A tistim, ki jo jedo. Golden rice was developed in the 1990s by Swiss botanist Ingo Potrykus and his colleagues at the Institute of Plant Sciences at ETH Zurich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich). Zlati riž je bil razvit leta 1990, ki jih švicarski botanik Ingo Potrykus in njegovi kolegi na Inštitutu za vede rastlin na ETH v Zürichu (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich). Proponents of... Zagovorniki ... The development of genetically modified food products has created a certain amount of controversy in the United States, the European Union, and other parts of the world. Razvoj gensko spremenjenih živil je ustvaril določeno mero polemike v ZDA, Evropski uniji, in druge dele sveta. The level of controversy, however, differs substantially. Stopnja polemiko pa se precej razlikuje. According to a poll published by the Pew Research Center in late 2003, for example, about a third of all This farmer is growing a genetically modified form of barley. Po anketi, ki ga objavi Pew Research Center v konec leta 2003, na primer, o tretjino vsega tega kmeta raste gensko spremenjeni obliki ječmena. (Chris Knapton/Photo... (Chris Knapton / Photo ... A small proportion of the population is allergic to one or more food products. Majhen delež prebivalstva je alergičen na enega ali več živilskih proizvodov. Some of the most common allergies are to cow's milk, eggs, soybeans, wheat, peanuts, and various tree nuts. Nekateri od najpogostejših alergij so na kravje mleko, jajca, soja, pšenica, arašidi, in različne lupinarje. Allergic reactions to foods range from very mild to severe. Alergijske reakcije na živila, v razponu od zelo blage do hude. In the most serious cases, a person exposed to an allergen has difficulty breathing, swelling in the mouth and throat, and decreased blood pressure, conditions that can lead to... V najhujših primerih je oseba izpostavljena alergenom ima težave z dihanjem, otekanje v ustih in žrelu ter znižan krvni tlak, pogoje, ki lahko vodijo do ... One of the most commonly expressed concerns about possible environmental effects of GM foods is that genes inserted into a modified plant might escape into the surrounding environment and be taken up by wild relatives of the engineered crop plant. Eden od najbolj pogosto izraženih pomislekov o možnih vplivov živil GM je, da lahko geni vstavljeni v spremenjene rastline pobegniti v okolje in da se jo z divjimi sorodniki umetnih rastlinskih pridelkov. Such a possibility exists, some experts say, because of the close taxonomic relationship among some crops plants and weedy relatives. Takšna možnost obstaja, nekateri strokovnjaki pravijo, zaradi tesnega odnosa med taksonomsko nekaterih posevkih rastlin in Zakorovljen sorodniki. Sunflowers, sorghum, canola, and squash are... Sončnice, sirek, oljne repice, in squash so ... The longstanding, often contentious, debate over genetically engineered foods has led to a parallel dispute over whether such foods should be regulated, licensed, or otherwise controlled by governmental agencies. Dolgoletnemu, pogosto sporna, razpravo gensko spremenjenih živil, je pripeljalo do vzporednega spora glede, ali je treba urediti teh živil, licenco, ali kako drugače pod nadzorom vladnih agencij. That dispute has been resolved in two quite different ways in the United States and Europe. Ta spor je bil rešen na dva povsem različna načina v ZDA in Evropi. In this country, the federal government has taken the position that GM foods must meet the same standards of safety that... V tej državi se je zvezna vlada sprejela stališče, da mora GS živila izpolnjujejo enake standarde varnosti, da ... 
Introduction Predstavitev 
The History Of Food Modification Pretekle spremembe hrane 
Food Additives Aditivi za živila 
Synthetic Foods Sintetična Živila 
