For more than two decades, food chemists around the world have been engaged in an exciting new project with the potential for dramatically remaking the human diet. Għal aktar minn għoxrin sena, kimiċi ikel madwar id-dinja kienu involuti fi proġett ġdid eċċitanti bil-potenzjal għal drammatiku remaking-dieta tal-bniedem. A number of new food products have been invented that are called genetically engineered, genetically modified, or, simply, GM foods. Numru ta 'prodotti tal-ikel ġodda ġew ivvintati li huma msejħa inġinerija ġenetika, ġenetikament modifikata, jew, sempliċiment, ikel MĠ. Research on genetically modified foods belongs to a long, rich, and very productive line of research known as... Riċerka fuq l-ikel modifikati ġenetikament jappartjeni għal linja twila, sinjuri, u ferm produttivi tar-riċerka magħrufa bħala ... One of the earliest applications of biotechnology was probably the use of microorganisms to make certain types of foods. Waħda mill-applikazzjonijiet kmieni ta 'bijoteknoloġija kienet probabbilment l-użu ta' mikro-organiżmi li jagħmlu ċerti tipi ta 'ikel. Evidence indicates that people first learned how to make beer, wine, and vinegar more than 6,000 years ago by promoting the fermentation of fruits, vegetables, and grains with yeasts. Evidenza turi li l-ewwel nies tgħallmu kif jagħmlu birra, inbid, u ħall aktar minn 6,000 sena ilu billi tippromwovi l-fermentazzjoni ta 'frott, ħaxix, u granelli ma ħmira. People have also leavened bread with yeasts and cultured cheese and yogurt with bacteria for many hundreds, if not... In-nies għandhom ukoll ħobż leavened ma ħmira u ġobon kkulturati u jogurt bil-batterji għal bosta mijiet, jekk mhux ... The research by Boyer and Cohen was made possible by discoveries made two decades earlier by the American biologist James Watson (1928 - ) and the English chemist Francis Crick (1916-2004). Ir-riċerka mill Boyer u Cohen kien magħmul possibbli mill-iskoperti magħmula żewġ deċennji aktar kmieni mill-Watson bijologu Amerikana James (1928 -) u l-Ingliż kimiku Francis Crick (1916-2004). In 1953, Watson and Crick announced that genetic information is stored in large, complex molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Fl-1953, Watson u Crick ħabbar li l-informazzjoni ġenetika hija maħżuna fil-kbar, molekoli kumplessi magħrufa bħala aċidu deoxyribonucleic, jew tad-DNA. They showed how the characteristic arrangement of certain chemical groups, known as base pairs,... Huma wrew kif l-arranġament karatteristika ta 'ċerti gruppi kimiċi li, magħrufa bħala parijiet bażiċi, ... Over the past three decades, researchers have developed a number of procedures that improve on the basic methodology of Boyer and Cohen. Matul l-aħħar tliet deċennji, ir-riċerkaturi żviluppaw numru ta 'proċeduri li jtejbu fuq il-metodoloġija bażika ta' Boyer u Cohen. One area in which progress has occurred involves methods for transferring DNA from a donor organism (or DNA prepared synthetically) to a host organism (a process known as gene insertion). Wieħed qasam li fih il-progress ikun seħħ jinvolvi metodi għat-trasferiment tad-DNA minn organiżmu donatur (jew DNA imħejji sintetikament) li f'organismu ospiti (proċess magħruf bħala inserzjoni ġene). Those methods can be divided into two general classes: those that use living organisms (called... Dawk il-metodi jistgħu jiġu maqsuma f'żewġ klassijiet ġenerali: dawk li jużaw organiżmi ħajjin (called. .. Recombinant DNA procedures like those described here now have a number of practical applications. Proċeduri rikombinanti tad-DNA bħal dawk deskritti hawn issa għandhom numru ta 'applikazzjonijiet prattiċi. One of the most promising is the development of genetically modified (GM) foods and agricultural products, substances whose genetic composition has been altered by rDNA or some similar process. Wieħed mill-aktar promettenti huwa l-iżvilupp ta 'ġenetikament modifikati (GM) ikel u prodotti agrikoli, sustanzi li ġenetika kompożizzjoni kienet mibdula mill rDNA jew xi proċess simili. Some examples of genetically modified products are corn plants that have been altered to emit a poison when attacked by pests; tomato... Xi eżempji ta 'prodotti ġenetikament modifikati huma impjanti qamħ li ġew alterati biex jitfa' velenu meta attakkat minn insetti; tadam ... One of the most contentious issues in the debate over GM foods has focused on the development of "golden rice," a food product that has been engineered to provide increased levels of vitamin A to those who eat it. Waħda mill-iktar kwistjonijiet kontroversjali fid-dibattitu fuq l-ikel MĠ iffoka fuq l-iżvilupp ta '"ross deheb," prodott tal-ikel li jkun ġie inġinerija li jipprovdu livelli miżjuda ta' vitamina A għal dawk li jieklu. Golden rice was developed in the 1990s by Swiss botanist Ingo Potrykus and his colleagues at the Institute of Plant Sciences at ETH Zurich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich). Golden ross ġie żviluppat fl-1990 mill Svizzera Ingo Potrykus botaniku u l-kollegi tiegħu fl-Istitut tax-Xjenzi tal-Pjanti fil-ETH Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich). Proponents of... Proponenti ta '... The development of genetically modified food products has created a certain amount of controversy in the United States, the European Union, and other parts of the world. L-iżvilupp ta 'prodotti tal-ikel modifikati ġenetikament ħolqot ċertu ammont ta' kontroversja fl-Istati Uniti, l-Unjoni Ewropea, u partijiet oħra tad-dinja. The level of controversy, however, differs substantially. Il-livell ta 'kontroversja, madankollu, tkun sostanzjalment differenti. According to a poll published by the Pew Research Center in late 2003, for example, about a third of all This farmer is growing a genetically modified form of barley. Skond stħarriġ ippubblikat miċ-Ċentru ta 'Riċerka Pew tard fl-2003, per eżempju, madwar terz ta' l bidwi Dan qed jikber forma ġenetikament modifikata ta 'xgħir. (Chris Knapton/Photo... (Chris Knapton / ritratti ... A small proportion of the population is allergic to one or more food products. Proporzjon żgħir tal-popolazzjoni huwa allerġiku għal prodotti tal-ikel wieħed jew aktar. Some of the most common allergies are to cow's milk, eggs, soybeans, wheat, peanuts, and various tree nuts. Uħud mill-allerġiji aktar komuni huma għall-ħalib tal-baqra, bajd, sojja, qamħ, karawett, u ġewż tas-siġar varji. Allergic reactions to foods range from very mild to severe. Reazzjonijiet allerġiċi għal ikel jvarjaw minn ferm ħfief għal severi. In the most serious cases, a person exposed to an allergen has difficulty breathing, swelling in the mouth and throat, and decreased blood pressure, conditions that can lead to... Fil-każijiet l-aktar serji, persuna esposta għall-allerġen għandha diffikultà biex tieħu nifs, nefħa fil-ħalq u l-gerżuma, u naqas pressjoni tad-demm, il-kondizzjonijiet li jistgħu jwasslu għal ... One of the most commonly expressed concerns about possible environmental effects of GM foods is that genes inserted into a modified plant might escape into the surrounding environment and be taken up by wild relatives of the engineered crop plant. Wieħed mill-aktar tħassib espressi komunement dwar l-effetti ambjentali possibbli ta 'ikel MĠ huwa li ġeni imdaħħal fi pjanta modifikata tista jaħarbu fl-ambjent ċirkondanti u jridu jiġu applikati mill-qraba salvaġġi ta' l-impjant uċuħ inġinerija. Such a possibility exists, some experts say, because of the close taxonomic relationship among some crops plants and weedy relatives. Tali possibbiltà teżisti, xi esperti jgħidu, minħabba r-relazzjoni tassonomika mill-qrib fost xi pjanti uċuħ u l-qraba weedy. Sunflowers, sorghum, canola, and squash are... Ġirasol, sorgu, kanola, u squash huma ... The longstanding, often contentious, debate over genetically engineered foods has led to a parallel dispute over whether such foods should be regulated, licensed, or otherwise controlled by governmental agencies. Id-dibattitu twila, spiss kontenzjuża, fuq l-ikel ta 'inġinerija ġenetika wassal għal tilwima parallel fuq jekk l-ikel bħal dawn għandu jkun regolat, liċenzjat, ikun jew direttivi oħra tal-aġenziji governattivi. That dispute has been resolved in two quite different ways in the United States and Europe. Din il-kwistjoni ġiet riżolta f'żewġ modi pjuttost differenti fl-Istati Uniti u l-Ewropa. In this country, the federal government has taken the position that GM foods must meet the same standards of safety that... F'dan il-pajjiż, il-gvern federali ħadet il-pożizzjoni li l-ikel immodifikati ġenetikament għandhom jissodisfaw l-istess standards ta 'sigurtà li ... 
Introduction Introduzzjoni 
The History Of Food Modification L-Istorja Ta Modifika Ikel 
Food Additives Addittivi 
Synthetic Foods Ikel sintetiċi 
