For more than two decades, food chemists around the world have been engaged in an exciting new project with the potential for dramatically remaking the human diet. Za više od dva desetljeća, kemičari hrane širom svijeta su sudjelovali u uzbudljivom novom projektu s potencijalom za dramatično preoblikovanje ljudskoj prehrani. A number of new food products have been invented that are called genetically engineered, genetically modified, or, simply, GM foods. Broj novih prehrambenih proizvoda su izmislili da su pozvani genetskim inženjeringom, genetski modificirana, ili, jednostavno, GM hrane. Research on genetically modified foods belongs to a long, rich, and very productive line of research known as... Istraživanje o genetski modificiranih namirnica pripada dugoj, bogatoj i vrlo produktivni linija istraživanja poznat kao ... One of the earliest applications of biotechnology was probably the use of microorganisms to make certain types of foods. Jedna od najranijih primjena biotehnologije je vjerojatno uporaba mikroorganizama da određene vrste hrane. Evidence indicates that people first learned how to make beer, wine, and vinegar more than 6,000 years ago by promoting the fermentation of fruits, vegetables, and grains with yeasts. Dokazi pokazuju da su ljudi prvi naučili kako napraviti pivo, vino, ocat i više od 6.000 godina promicanjem fermentacija voća, povrća i žitarica s kvascima. People have also leavened bread with yeasts and cultured cheese and yogurt with bacteria for many hundreds, if not... Ljudi su također Ukvasani kruh s kvascima i kulturan sir i jogurt s bakterijama za više stotina, ako ne ... The research by Boyer and Cohen was made possible by discoveries made two decades earlier by the American biologist James Watson (1928 - ) and the English chemist Francis Crick (1916-2004). Istraživanje Boyer i Cohen je napravio moguć mimo spoznaja do kojih se dva desetljeća ranije je američki biolog James Watson (1928 -) i na engleskom kemičar Francis Crick (1916-2004). In 1953, Watson and Crick announced that genetic information is stored in large, complex molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Godine 1953, Watson i Crick je najavio da se genetska informacija je pohranjena u velikih i kompleksnih molekula poznatih kao deoksiribonukleinske kiseline ili DNA. They showed how the characteristic arrangement of certain chemical groups, known as base pairs,... Oni su pokazali kako je karakterističan raspored pojedinih kemijskih skupina, poznat kao parova baza, među ... Over the past three decades, researchers have developed a number of procedures that improve on the basic methodology of Boyer and Cohen. Tijekom protekla tri desetljeća, znanstvenici su razvili niz postupaka koje poboljšavaju na osnovne metodologije Boyer i Cohen. One area in which progress has occurred involves methods for transferring DNA from a donor organism (or DNA prepared synthetically) to a host organism (a process known as gene insertion). Jedno područje u kojem je došlo do napretka uključuje metode za prijenos DNA iz donora organizma (ili DNA spremni sintetski) na organizma domaćina (proces poznat kao umetanja gena). Those methods can be divided into two general classes: those that use living organisms (called... Te metode mogu se podijeliti u dvije opće kategorije: one koje koriste živih organizama (called. Čvrsta Recombinant DNA procedures like those described here now have a number of practical applications. Rekombinantne DNA postupci poput onih opisanih ovdje sada imaju niz praktičnih aplikacija. One of the most promising is the development of genetically modified (GM) foods and agricultural products, substances whose genetic composition has been altered by rDNA or some similar process. Jedan od najviše obećava je razvoj genetski modificiranih (GM) hrane i poljoprivrednih proizvoda, tvari čiji genetski sastav je mijenjao rDNA ili neki sličan proces. Some examples of genetically modified products are corn plants that have been altered to emit a poison when attacked by pests; tomato... Neki primjeri genetski modificiranih proizvoda su kukuruz biljke koje su promijenile da emitiraju otrov kada napadaju štetočine, rajčica ... One of the most contentious issues in the debate over GM foods has focused on the development of "golden rice," a food product that has been engineered to provide increased levels of vitamin A to those who eat it. Jedan od najvažnijih spornih pitanja u raspravi o GM hrane bio je usmjeren na razvoj "zlatne riže", prehrambeni proizvod koji je osmišljen za pružanje povećane doze vitamina A onima koji ga jedu. Golden rice was developed in the 1990s by Swiss botanist Ingo Potrykus and his colleagues at the Institute of Plant Sciences at ETH Zurich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich). Zlatna riža je razvijen tijekom 1990-ih švicarski botaničar Ingo Potrykus i njegovi suradnici na Institutu za biljne znanosti na ETH Zurich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zürich). Proponents of... Zagovornici ... The development of genetically modified food products has created a certain amount of controversy in the United States, the European Union, and other parts of the world. Razvoj genetski modificiranih prehrambenih proizvoda stvorio određenu količinu kontroverze u SAD-u, Europska unija i druge dijelove svijeta. The level of controversy, however, differs substantially. Razina kontroverze, međutim, bitno se razlikuje. According to a poll published by the Pew Research Center in late 2003, for example, about a third of all This farmer is growing a genetically modified form of barley. Prema anketi koju je objavio Centra Pew Research krajem 2003, na primjer, oko trećine svih farmera ovaj raste na genetski modificirani oblik ječma. (Chris Knapton/Photo... (Chris Knapton / Photo ... A small proportion of the population is allergic to one or more food products. Mali udio stanovništva je alergično na jednom ili više prehrambenih proizvoda. Some of the most common allergies are to cow's milk, eggs, soybeans, wheat, peanuts, and various tree nuts. Neki od najčešćih alergija su kravlje mlijeko, jaja, soja, pšenica, kikiriki, orašaste plodove i razne. Allergic reactions to foods range from very mild to severe. Alergijske reakcije na hranu u rasponu od vrlo blagih do teških stupnjeva. In the most serious cases, a person exposed to an allergen has difficulty breathing, swelling in the mouth and throat, and decreased blood pressure, conditions that can lead to... U najozbiljnijim slučajevima, osoba izložena alergenu ima poteškoća s disanjem, oticanje u ustima i grlu te smanjen krvni pritisak, uvjeti koji mogu dovesti do ... One of the most commonly expressed concerns about possible environmental effects of GM foods is that genes inserted into a modified plant might escape into the surrounding environment and be taken up by wild relatives of the engineered crop plant. Jedan od najčešće izražena zabrinutost oko mogućih utjecaja na okoliš za GM hrane jest da geni umetnuti u modificiranoj biljci može pobjeći u okolišu i biti preuzeta od divljih srodnika u projektirana usjeva biljke. Such a possibility exists, some experts say, because of the close taxonomic relationship among some crops plants and weedy relatives. Takva mogućnost postoji, neki stručnjaci kažu, zbog blizine taksonomski odnos između nekih biljaka i usjeva crnini rodbine. Sunflowers, sorghum, canola, and squash are... Suncokreti, sirak, kanola, i squash su ... The longstanding, often contentious, debate over genetically engineered foods has led to a parallel dispute over whether such foods should be regulated, licensed, or otherwise controlled by governmental agencies. Dugogodišnji, često sporno, rasprava genetski hrane dovela je do paralelnog spora da li se takve namirnice bi trebalo biti regulirano, licencirati, ili na drugi način pod kontrolom vladinih agencija. That dispute has been resolved in two quite different ways in the United States and Europe. Taj spor je riješen u dva sasvim različita načina u Sjedinjenim Državama i Europi. In this country, the federal government has taken the position that GM foods must meet the same standards of safety that... U ovoj zemlji, savezna vlada je zauzela stajalište da GM hrana mora zadovoljiti iste standarde sigurnosti te ... 
Introduction Uvođenje 
The History Of Food Modification Povijest hrane izmjeni 
Food Additives Prehrambeni aditivi 
Synthetic Foods Sintetička hrana 
